MOSQUES IN POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN: DISCOURSE INTERPRETATION AND REGULATORY PRACTICES
Keywords:
mosque, public space, post-Soviet realities, re-Islamization, re-appropriation, “mosque diplomacy, religious communities, traditional Islam, DUMKAbstract
The authors have analyzed the dynamics of the growth of number of mosques built by religious associations in post-Soviet Kazakhstan and noted a transition from their unregulated and chaotic construction (proliferation) to their precise association with specific maddhabs, and their construction norms conceptualized by religious institutions represented by the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kazakhstan (DUMK).
The types of cultic facilities and the actors are discussed and ranked according to the type of their involvement and partnership. We should note that the participation of various actors adds weight to the status of mosques as important public facilities.
The authors have paid particular attention to the religious communities’ revised registration realized under the Law of the RK on Religious Activities and Religious Associations of 2011, which optimized the religious space, consolidated the positions of traditional Islam and, hence, standardized the rules related to mosque construction.
Downloads
References
See: F. Asadullin, “Urban Islam kak novy etnokulturny fenomen sovremennogo evropeyskogo megapolisa: ot retrospektivy k perspektivnomг videniiu problemy,” Islamology, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2018, pp. 43-56; G. Vaшnsteyn, “Islam v gorodskom prostranstve i v obshchestvennom soznanii Evropy,” Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia, No. 6, 2013, pp. 29-37; O. Trofimova, “Musulmane i islam v Zapadnoy Evrope,” Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia, No. 10, 2009, pp. 52-62.
See: K.A. Medeuova, Y.M. Sandybaeva, Z.Zh. Naurzbaeva, D.T. Tolgambaeva, K.S. Ermanganbetova, D.N. Melnikov, M.Zh. Kikimbaev, A.Ch. Ramazanova, A.B. Tlepbergen, E.Zh. Zhetibaev, D.E. Orazbaeva, K.A. Potavets, Praktiki i mesta pamiati v Kazakhstane, Lev Gumilyov ENU, Astana, 2017, 320 pp.
See: A. Bissenova, “Building a Muslim Nation: The Role of the Central Mosque of Astana,” in: Kazakhstan in the Making: Legitimacy, Symbols, and Social Changes, ed. by M. Laruelle, Lexington Books, 2016, p. 211.
See: List of Registered Religious Associations and their Branches, Site of the Committee for Religious A Min- istry of Information and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, available in Russian at [http://www.gov.kz/ memleket/entities/din/documents/details/113255?lang=ru], 29 June, 2021.
See: M. Zhuzey, N. Seitakhmetova, M. Beketova, Sh. Zhandossova, “The Mosque in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Sacral and Spiritual Contexts,” Central Asia and the Caucasus. English Edition, Issue 3, Vol. 21, 2020, available at [https://www. ca-c.org/online/2020/journal_eng/cac-03/09.shtml], 29 June, 2021.
See: S. Azhigali, Monuments of Mankystau and Ustyurt. Album, Oner Printshop, Almaty, 2014, 504 pp. (in Kazakh, Russian and English).
A. Khalid, “Postsovetskie sudby sredneaziatskogo Islama,” in: Konfessia, imperia, natsia: religia i problema raznoo- brazia v istorii postsovetskogo prostranstva, Novoe izdatelstvo, Moscow, 2012, pp. 316-344.
See: Ibid., p. 319.
Unlike re-Islamization which the author used several times in his article, the term re-appropriation is used once yet the author has written a lot about the processes of return of Islamic values within the process of re-appropriation of cultural heritage.
See: List of Registered Religious Associations and their Branches.
See: A.K. Omarov, Religioznaia situatsia v Respublike Kazakhstan: prognozy i tendentsii. Metodicheskoe posobie, Astana, 2011, p. 49.
See: Religia v sisteme dukhovnosti Kazakhstana. Spravochno-metodicheskoe posobie, Zhibek zholy, Almaty, 2007,p. 80.
See: Tsentralnaia Azia: prostranstvo “shelkovoy demokratii”. Islam i gosudartstvo, ed. by E. Nogoibaeva, Almaty, 2017, p. 8.
See: M. Tulskiy, “Konfessionalny portret Kazakhstana. Part 1—Statistika,” available at [http://tulskiy.livejournal. com/50629.html], 29 June, 2021.
See: M. Zhuzey, N. Seitakhmetova, M. Beketova, Sh. Zhandossova, op. cit.
See: P. Sartory, P. Shabley, Eksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat i proizvodstvo znaniy v Kazakhskoy stepi, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, 2019, 280 pp.: illustrated (Series Historia Rossica).
See: Zh.E. Nurbaev, “Istoki formirovania institutov Islama v Severnom Kazakhstane (na materialakh Petropavlovskogo uezda Akmolinskoy oblasti),” Elektronny nauchny zhurnal “edu.e-history.kz,” No. 1 (05), 2016, available at [http://edu.e- history.kz/ru/publications/view/360], 29 June, 2021.
See: P.S. Shabley, “Istoria tatarskoy obshchiny Semipalatinska,” Istoricheskaia etnologia, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2020, pp. 75-94, available at [DOI: 10.22378/he.2020-5- 1.75—94], 29 June, 2021.
See: Z. Saktaganova, Zh. Mazhitova, E. Aimakhov, “Gosudartsvo i religia v sovetskoy istorii: etapy i osobennosti vzaimotnosheniy v Kazakhstane,” Vestnik KazNPU im. Abaia, Series Istoricheskie i sotsialno-politicheskie nauki, No. 2 (53), 2017, pp. 191=200, available at [http://sp.kaznpu.kz/docs/jurnal_file/file20190506024941.pdf], 29 June, 2021.
See: A. Verkhovsky, S. Jukeeva, V. Ponomarev, “Religiozny faktor v politike i v ideologii natsionalnykh dvizheniy v Rossii i Kazakhstane. 1989-1997,” available at Internet resource Panorama.ru [http://www.panorama.ru/works/rk/k1. html#1a], 29 June, 2021.
A.P. Abuov, E.M. Smagulov, “Religia v Kazakhstane,” Mezhdunarodny tsentr kultur i religiy, Astana, 2013, available at [http://textarchive.ru/c-1483988.html], 29 June, 2021.
See: Z. Jalilov, B. Batyrkhan, “Islam in Kazakhstan: History of Revival under Conditions of Independence,” Central Asia and the Caucasus. English Edition, Issue 3, Vol. 20, 2019, available at [https://www.ca-c.org/online/2019/journal_eng/ cac-03/00.shtml], 29 June, 2021; Official site of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kazakhstan. Concise history, available at [http://www.muftyat.kz/ru/kmdb/], 29 June, 2021.
The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 11 October, 2011, No. 483-IV On Religious Activity and Religious Associations, available in Russian at [http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z1100000483], 29 June, 2021.
See: E.E. Burova, Trendy novoy religioznosti v sovremennom Kazakhstane (opyt sitsiogumanitarnogo izmerenia), Monograph, Institute of Philosophy, Political Science, and Religious Studies, KN MON RK, Almaty, 2014, p. 30.
See: M. Tulsky, op. cit.
See: Religia v sisteme dukhovnosti Kazakhstana. Spravochno-metodicheskoe posobie, p. 27.
See: E. Burova, A. Kosichenko, Aktualnye problemy razvitia religioznoy situatsii v Respublike Kazakstan, ed. by Z.K. Shaukenova, IFPR KN MON RK, Almaty, 2013, p. 74.
A. Bissenova, “Vozrozhdenie islma v postsovetskoy Tsentralnoy Azii: otsenivaia proshloe, zagliadyvaia v budush- chee,” in: Tsentralnaia Azia—25: mysli o proshlom, proektsia budushchego, Collection of essays from Central Asia, p. 88, available at [http://www.centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/25 Years_Russian.pdf], 29 June, 2021.
Ibid., p. 89.
See: Official site of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kazakhstan. Departments, available at [http:// www.muftyat.kz/ru/kmdb/sections/], 29 June, 2021.
See: List of Registered Religious Associations and their Branches.
See Official site of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kazakhstan. Library and documents, available in Russian at [http://www.muftyat.kz/kk/books/], 29 June, 2021.
See: “Pravilo stroitelstva mecheti v tipovom proekte v Respublike Kazakhstan, Approved on 18 April, 2018 at the 19th sitting of the Council of the Ulema Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kazakhstan,” 3 pages (document from personal archive of M. Kikimbayev, in Kazakh); “Spiritual Administration Approved the Rules of Building Mosques,” Infomatsionny portal Zakon.kz, available at [http://www.zakon.kz/4954141-dumk-utverdilo-pravila-stroitelstva.html], 29 June, 2021.
See: A. Sabitov, “Novoe kultovoe stroitelstvo v Kazakhstane,” The author’s personal site, available at [http://www. sabitovalim.com/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8], 29 June, 2021.
See: N.L. Seitachmetova, M.K. Bektenova, “Garmonia eticheskogo i esteticheskogo v fenomene mecheti: na primere g. Almaty,” in: Almaty—stolitsa islamskoy kultury 2015 goda: materialy Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii, Almaty, 2015, p. 61.
See Official site of the mosque Saduakas kazhy Gylmani. O mecheti, available at [http://old.sunna.kz/ru/page/view?id=37], 29 June, 2021.
See: G. Abenova, “‘Tsvetok Vsevyshnego’ s imenem ottsa Jaksybekova,’ available at [http://rus.azattyq.org/a/kazakhstan-astana-novaya-mechet/29231555.html], 29 June, 2021.
See: Sh. Ikromov, Diplomatia mechetey v Tsentralnoy Azii: geopolitika, nachinaiushchaiasia s mikhraba, Central Asian Analytical Network, available at [http://www.caa-network.org/archives/21135], 29 June, 2021.
See: “V Shymkente torzhestvenno otkryta samaia bolshaia v IuKO mechet,” оtyrar.kz, available at [http://otyrar.kz/2013/05/v-shymkente-torzhestvenno-otkryta-samaya-bolshaya-v-yuko-mechet/], 29 June, 2021.
See: N.L. Seitachmetova, M.K. Bektenova, op. cit., pp. 54-66; M. Zhuzey, N. Seitakhmetova, M. Beketova, Sh. Zhandosova, op. cit.
See: “Na Baikonure otkrylas novaia mechet,” Official site of the administration of Baikonur, available at [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=all/news&ID=1595], 29 June, 2021.
See: “Kazakhstan i Uzbekistan postroiat unikalnuiu mechet v Turkestane,” News website platform Sputnik, available at [http://ru.sputnik.kz/regions/20191206/12228123/mechet-turkestan uzbekistan.html], 29 June, 2021.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
