TERRORISM IN AFGHANISTAN AND INSTABILITY IN CENTRAL ASIA
Abstract
Throughout human history, there have been many threats to the security of nations. These threats have brought about large-scale losses of life, the destruction of property, widespread illness and injury, the displacement of large numbers of people, and devastating economic loss. Recent technological advances and ongoing international political unrest are components of the increased risk to security.1
Terrorism, as one of these threats to human security, literally means “the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United Nations for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom.”
Terrorists often use threats to:
—Create fear among the public;
—Try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent terrorism.
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References
See: R. Borum, “Psychology of Terrorism,” USF (University of South Florida), Tampa, 2004, p. 145.
Ibid., p. 148.
See: R. Perl, Terrorism, the Future and U.S. For-eign Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Division,Congressional Research Service, The library of Congress,2003, p. 15.
See: Sh. Shay, The Endless Jihad, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Herzliya, Israel, 2002, p. 27.
See: M.S. Farhang, “Afghanistan in the Last Five Centuries,” Ismaeliyan press (Qom), 1992, pp. 30-32.
See: M. Heller, “The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan,” C.C.S. Memorandum, No. 2, 1982, pp. 1-2.
See: Sh. Shay, op. cit., p. 55.
Ibid., pp. 65-67.
See: The Middle East, February 1990.
See: “An Interview with Borhaneddin Rabbani,” Newspaper of Payame Mujahid (Kabul), 8 March, 2005.
See: Dow Jones News, 21 September, 1997.
See: Dow Jones News, 21 September, 1997.
See: Ch. Pahlavan, “Afghanistan: Era of the Mujahidin and the Taliban,” Qatreh Press (Tehran), Vol. 1, 1998, p. 212.
See: M. Pohly, Kh. Dowran, Who is Bin Laden?, Transl. by M. Mirmoezzi, Rozaneh Press (Tehran), 2001, p. 44.
See: K. Khosravi, “Osama Ibn Mohammed Bin Laden,” Simindoxt Press (Tehran), 1996, pp. 90-95.
Ibid., p. 97.
See: Z. Veisi, “In the Search of Bin Laden,” Internet site of Bashgahe Andishe (Tehran), 2003, pp. 20-21.
See: Y. Bodansky, “Bin Laden, The Man Who Declared War on America,” Roseville Forum, California, 1999,pp. 346- 347.
See: Al Hayat, 12 February, 2002.
See: G. Kepple, J.-P. Milelli, P. Ghazaleh, “Al Qaeda in Its Own Words,” Harvard University Press, 2008, p. 48.
See: St. Holmes, “Al Qaeda, 11 September, 2001,” in: D. Gambetta, Making Sense of Suicide Missions, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 21.
See: J. Borger, “Blogger Bares Rumsfeld’s Post 9/11 Orders,” Guardian News and Media Limited (London), avail-able at [http:// www. Guardian .co.UK /world /2006 /Feb / 24 / freedom of information], 11 September, 2006.
See: St. Holmes, op. cit., p. 80.
Ibid., pp. 80-82.
See: J. Thayil, “645 Racial Incidents Reported in Week After September 11,” India Abroad, available at [http://www. Highbeam.com/doc/1p1-79281024-html], 2001.
See: P. Tiffany, “Islam in Central Asia: The Emergence and Growth of Radicalism in the Post-Communist Era,”Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP), 2003.
See: M.Y. Omelicheva, Ethnic Dimension of Religious Extremism and Terrorism in Central Asia, International Studies Association, Chicago, 2007.
Ibidem.
See: A Conference on the “Islamization of Central Asia: Politics, Economics and Society,” Woodrow Wilson In-ternal Center for Scholars, 5th floor Conference Room, 11 June, 2003.
See: A Conference on the “Islamization of Central Asia: Politics, Economics and Society.”
See: K. Warikoo, Central Asia Emerging New Order, Haranand Publication, New Delhi, 1996, p. 211.
See: R.H. Mognus, N. Eden, Afghanistan: Mullah, Marx and Mujahid, Pak Book Corporation, Pakistan, 1998, p. 87.
See: S.E. Cornell, “The Narcotics Threat in Greater Central Asia: From Crime-Terror Nexus to State Infiltration,”, Central
Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2006, pp. 36-67.
See: J. Cooley, “Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism,” Pluto Press, London, 2002, p. 58.
See: “Drug Trade in Eurasia Database,” Silk Road Studies Program, Uppsala, 24 August, 2005, available at [http://www. Silk Road Studies. Org. drug data base. HTML].
See: S.E. Cornell, “Narcotics, Radicalism and Armed Conflict in Central Asia: The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2005, pp. 619-639.
See: J. Nichol, “Central Asia: Security, Internal Affairs & U.S. Interests,” Nova Science Publishers, New York,2008, p. viii (Soft cover)
Ibid., p. 6.
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