TWENTY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE IN KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN: WHAT IS MORE IMPORTANT— POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
Abstract
The dispute about what is more important, political or economic development, is like the philosophical discussions of what came first, the chicken or the egg. However, despite the ongoing debates, the answer, we think, is obvious: long-term and stable development of society is only possible with mutual agreement and complementarity, as well as parallel (joint) advancement of political and economic reforms. This is clearly shown by the 20 years of independence in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, two neighboring countries which chose different paths of development.
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HIPC is a program initiated by the IMF to provide debt relief to Heavily Indebted Poor Countries on the condition that they meet a range of economic management and performance targets.
PESAC is a program initiated by the IMF on industrial restructuring.
E. Schatz, Modern Clan Politics: the Power of «Blood» in Kazakhstan and Beyond, University of Washington Press, Seattle, London, 2004.
See: Y. Grunewald, “15 let ‘transformatsii’—mezhdunarodnaia diskussiia o demokraticheskom razvitii v Tsentralnoi Azii,” in: Dinamika politicheskikh protsessov v Tsentralnoi Azii posle 15 let tranformatsii: problemy i perspektivy, ed. by R. Krumm, Almaty, 2006, pp. 8-30.
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