THE BUREAUCRATIC-PATRIMONIAL STATE IN GEORGIA: HAS THE “ROSES REVOLUTION” GIVEN IT A NEW LEASE OF LIFE?
Abstract
The post-socialist transformation phase that began late in the 1980s was a very special period in the context of the third wave of democratization that started in the 1970s. This was when the eastern military-political bloc headed by the Soviet Union fell apart.1 The post-socialist and especially the post-Soviet phases were marked by systemic transformations when the political system was undergoing the transition from authoritarianism to democracy and when the economic system was experiencing radical changes.
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References
Many authors prefer to regard the post-socialist phase as a separate fourth wave. See: M. McFaul, “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship,” World Politics, Vol. 54, Jan- uary 2002, pp. 212-244. About the third wave see: Samuel P.
See: C. Offe, Der Tunell am Ende des Lichts. Erkundi- gungen der politischen Transformation im Neuen Osten, Frank- furt a. M., New York, 1994.
See: U. Menzel, Globalisierung versus Fragmen-tierung, Frankfurt a. M., 1998.
M. Zürn, Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaates, Frank-furt a. M., 1998.
See: A. Grzymala-Busse, P.J. Loung, The Ignored Transition. Post-Communist State Development, Harvard Uni-versity, March 2002, pp. 1-3.
K. Schlichte, B. Wilke, “Der Staat und eigene seiner Zeitgenossen,” Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, 7. Jg,2/2000, pp. 359-384.
See: K. Schubert, Das Politiklexikon, Bonn, 1997, p. 274.
M. Zürn, op. cit.
See: N. Elias, Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen. Zweiter Band:
andlungen der Gesellschaft. Entwurf zu einer Theorie der Zivilisation, Frankfurt a. M., 1997; The Formation of National States in Western Europe, ed. by Ch. Tilly, Princeton, 1975.
See: J.S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States. State-society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World,Princeton, 1988, pp. 207-226.
See C.H. Landé, “Introduction: The Dyadic Basis of Clientelism,” Friends, Followers, and Factions. A Reader in Polit-ical Clientelism, ed. by S.W. Schmidt et. al., pp. XIII-XXXIX.
See: K. Schlichte, B. Wilke, op. cit.; G. Erdmann, “Neopatrimonialer Herrschaft—oder, Warum es in Afrika so viele Hybridregime gibt,” Demokratie und Staatlichkeit. Petra Bendel u. a. (Hrsg/). Opladen, 2003, pp. 323-342.
See: W. Merkel, A. Croissant, “Formale und Informale Institutionen in defekten Demokratien,” Politische Vierteljahress-chrift, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2000, pp. 3-31.
I have to thank Stephan Hensell from the Hamburg Institution of Peace and Security for this term.
See: G. Erdmann, op. cit., pp. 329-334.
K. Schlichte, Krieg und Vergesellschaftung in Afrika. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie des Krieges, Münster, 1996; K. Schlichte,B. Wilke, op. cit.; G. Erdmann, op. cit.
See: Ch.H. Fairbanks Jr., “Clientelism and the Roots of Post-Soviet Disorder,” Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change, ed. by R.G. Suny, Michigan, 1983, pp. 341-374.
Sakartvelos Respublika, 21 December, 1990, p. 1.
For more detail, see: D. Darchiashvili, Politikosebi, djarikatsebi, mokalakeni, Tbilisi, 2000 (in Georgian).
See: S.F. Jones, “Adventures or Commanders: Civil-Military Relations in Georgia,” Civil-Military Relations in the Soviet and Yugoslav Successor States, ed. by C. Danapoulos, D. Ziker, Westview Press, 1996, pp. 35-42.
Interview with Tenghiz Kitovani, Droni, 14 June, 1990, p. 5.
D. Darchiashvili, op. cit., p. 227.
Ibidem.
See: G. Tevzadze, Sakartvelo: dzalauplebis simulatsia, Tbilisi, 1999; Sakartvelo: dzalauplebis dabruneba, Tbilisi, 2003;
Gotsiridze, O. Kandelaki, Gavleniani djgupebi da koruptsia sakartveloshi, Tbilisi, 2001 (all in Georgian).
S.F. Jones, op. cit., p. 46.
D. Darchiashvili, op. cit., p. 326.
See: J.S. Migdal, op. cit., pp. 214-236.
See: G. Erdmann, op. cit., pp. 334-337.
Rustavi-2 TV channel, 26 November, 2003.
In Albania the socialists who came to power in 1997 changed the entire staff of the security service and nearly three-
quarters of the police (see: S. Hensell, “Aspekte der staatlichen Gewaltordnung in Albanien,” DVPW ad hoc-Gruppe “Ordnung der Gewalt,” 25 September, 2003).
Rustavi-2 TV channel, 27 November, 2003.
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