Investigating how E-training and E-leadership influence Employee Performance: Testing the Mediation of Work Motivation
Keywords:
E-training, E-leadership, Work motivation, Employee performance, Structural Equation ModelingAbstract
Keeping in view the research objectives current study tested the relationship of E- training and E-leadership on employee performance directly and indirectly through work motivation as a mediator. Total seven relationships were proposed. Five direct relationships and two indirect relationships were tested. For testing, the relationships data were collected from 212 bank employees working in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The target sample was selected through simple random sampling, data screening was done through SPSS23 and the model was assessed through structural equation modeling through Smart PLS3. Current research found a significant positive effect between the relationship of E-training, E-leadership towards employee performance, and work motivation. While the effect of work motivation was insignificant factor in predicting employee performance. The current study also found an insignificant mediating effect of work motivation on the relationship between E-training, E-leadership, with employee performance. Furthermore, current research has implications for policymakers and practitioners.
Downloads
References
Bayuni, E., COVID-19 lockdown? It’s not the economy. It’s people’s health and lives. The Jakarta Post, 2020.
Al-Aali, L.a. and U. Ahmed, Addressing the issue of meaningful work during covid-19 through ldw model: An empirical study. Ilkogretim Online, 2021. 20(4).
Fachriansyah, R., Work-from-home policy in effect at major Jakarta companies over virus concerns. The Jakarta Post. 2020.
AlZgool, M.R.H., S.M.M. Shah, and U. Ahmed, Impact of Energy consumption and Economic Growth on Environmental Performance: Implications for Green Policy Practitioners. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2020. 10(5): p. 655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10222.
Islam, D.M.Z., et al., COVID-19 and Financial Performance of SMEs: Examining the Nexus of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Entrepreneurial Resilience and Innovative Work Behavior. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 2020. 29(3): p. 587.
Kikulwe, E. and M. Asindu, Consumer demand and prospects for commercialization of nutritionally enhanced GM bananas in Uganda. AgBioforum, 2020. 22(1): p. 13-24.
Miller, J.J.H. and E. O’Riordan, Robust numerical method for a singularly perturbed problem arising in the modelling of enzyme kinetics. BIOMATH, 2020. 9(2): p. 2008227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2020.08.227.
Tokeyeva, A., D. Rayev, and D. Dauen, BELT AND ROAD: BENEFITS AND PROSPECTS FOR KAZAKHSTAN. Central Asia & the Caucasus (14046091), 2020. 21(1) DOI: https://doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.1.07.
Cesarec, I., R. Mikac, and D. Spevec, The Concept of Human Security as a Basis for the Application of Big Data Concept in Establishment of Early Warning System for Crisis Management in the Republic of Croatia. Croatian International Relations Review, 2020. 26(86): p. 72-95 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37173/cirr.26.86.3.
Lobão, J. and A.I. Costa, Do Fixed-Income ETFs Overreact? Evidence of Short-term Predictability following Extreme Price Shocks. Cuadernos de Economía, 2020. 43(122): p. 131-144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32826/cude.v42i122.145.
Abulela, M.A.A. and M.M. Harwell, Data Analysis: Strengthening Inferences in Quantitative Education Studies Conducted by Novice Researchers. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 2020. 20(1): p. 59-78 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2020.1.005.
Henry, A., Possible selves and personal goals: What can we learn from episodic future thinking? Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2020. 6(3): p. 481-500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.834659.
Mansor, Z.D., et al., Influence of transformation leadership style on employee engagement among Generation Y. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 2017. 11(1): p. 161- 165.
Putriastuti, B.C.K. and A. Stasi, How to lead the millennials: A review of 5 major leadership theory groups. Journal of Leadership in Organizations, 2019. 1(2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jlo.46562.
Valenti, A., Leadership preferences of the millennial generation. The Journal of Business Diversity, 2019. 19(1): p. 75-84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33423/jbd.v19i1.1357.
Pancasila, I., S. Haryono, and B.A. Sulistyo, Effects of work motivation and leadership toward work satisfaction and employee performance: Evidence from Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 2020. 7(6): p. 387-397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.387.
Nguyen, H.N., et al., The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Employee Motivation: A Study in Vietnamese Enterprises. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 2020. 7(6): p. 439- 447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.439.
Kahraman, E. and O. Koray, The Use of Standardized Feedback for Teaching Material Preparation: The Opinions of Preservice Science Teachers. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2020. 90: p. 83-102 DOI:https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2020.90.5.
Giorgadze, T.G., et al., Silver atoms encapsulated in G4 PAMAM (polyamidoamine) dendrimers as a model for their use in nanomedicine for phototherapy. EUROPEAN CHEMICAL BULLETIN, 2020. 9(1): p. 22-27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17628/ecb.2020.9.22-27.
Harrison, V.S. and R. Gayle, Self-transformation and Spiritual Exemplars. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 2020. 12(4) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v12i4.3520.
de Jongh, J., ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION AND GOVERNMENT SIZE: TESTING THE COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS IN SOUTH AFRICA’S PUBLIC SECTOR. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2020. 12(1): p. 66-83.
Jaffal, Z., Rape as Genocide Crime in International Criminal Law-The Case of Yazidi Women in Iraq. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 2020. 15(2): p. 230-247.
Sopiah, S., et al., Does talent management affect employee performance?: The moderating role of work engagement. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 2020. 7(7): p. 335-341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.335.
Shah, S.M.M., et al., Going Intellectually Green: Exploring the Nexus between Green Intellectual Capital, Environmental Responsibility, and Environmental Concern towards Environmental Performance. Sustainability, 2021. 13(11): p. 6257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116257.
Darwish, S., S. Shah, and U. Ahmed, The role of green supply chain management practices on environmental performance in the hydrocarbon industry of Bahrain: Testing the moderation of green innovation. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 2021. 9(2): p. 265-276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2021.3.006.
AlZgool, M., et al., Going green during COVID-19: Examining the links between green HRM, green supply chain and firm performance in food Industry of Bahrain: The moderating role of lockdown due to COVID-19. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 2021. 9(1): p. 79-88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2020.11.007.
Ramayah, T., N.H. Ahmad, and T.S. Hong, An assessment of e-training effectiveness in multinational companies in Malaysia. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 2012. 15(2): p. 125-137.
Amara, N.B. and L. Atia, E-training and its role in human resources development. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 2016. 4(1): p. 1-12.
Kamal, K.B., M.A. Aghbari, and M. Atteia, E-Training & Employees' Performance a Practical Study on the Ministry of Education in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 18, 1-82016.
Alhooti, M.J. and M.L. Anto, The Effect of E-Training on Employee Performance of Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company in the Kingdom of Bahrain. iKSP Journal of Innovative Writings, 2020. 1(1).
Hassan, A., J. Hassan, and T.A. Yen. E-training and development, motivation and employee performance among academicians: Case study of academicians in UniMAP. IOP Publishing DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/3/032011.
Karjo, C.H. and A. Ng, Hate Speech Propaganda from and against Muslims in Facebook Posts. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 2020. 14(2): p. 400-416.
Govender, R.G. and D.W. Govender, Learning geometry online: A creative individual learning experience. International Journal of eBusiness and eGovernment Studies, 2019. 12(2): p. 151-165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34111/ijebeg.202012205.
Meyer, D.F. and A.S. Hassan, Analysis Of The Impact Of Exchange Rate Volatility On The South African Government Bond Market. International Journal Of Economics And Finance, 2020. 12(2): p. 271-289.
Marcel Heimar Ribeiro Utiyama, F.C.C., Dário Henrique Alliprandiniis, Allocation of Improvement Strategies in a Flow Shop with Two Capacity Constrained Resources. International journal of operations and quantitative management, 2020. 26(2): p. 79-93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46970/2020.26.2.1.
Kotze, D.M., et al., Talent Retention Of Educators In Selected Private Schools. The International Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Studies, 2020. 12(2): p. 306-320.
Mohammad, K., E-Leadership: The Emerging New Leadership for the Virtual Organization. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 2009. 3(1).
Elyousfi, F., A. Anand, and A. Dalmasso, Impact of e-leadership and team dynamics on virtual team performance in a public organization. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-08-2020-0218.
de Souza, G.H.S., et al., Brazilian students' expectations regarding distance learning and remote classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 2020. 20(4): p. 65- 80.
Guidère, M., The Timbuktu letters: New insights about AQIM. Res Militaris, 2014. 4(1): p. 25.
Virginia-Añez, E., A. Fornieles-Deu, and D. Sánchez-Carracedo, Longitudinal study of physical activity in Spanish young adolescents: weight status and gender differences. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 2020. 29(1): p. 57-66.
Krysiński, D. and J. Szczepański, Continuity and contestation. Structural and cultural background of transportation preferences in Poland. socialspacejournal. eu, 2020: p. 111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33896/SPolit.2020.58.6.
Kyurkchiev, N., A new class of activation functions. Some related problems and applications, Biomath, 2020. 9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2020.05.033.
Lindner, J.R., Understanding employee motivation. Journal of extension, 1998. 36(3): p. 1-8.
Mathieu, C. and P. Babiak, Tell me who you are, I'll tell you how you lead: Beyond the Full-Range Leadership Model, the role of corporate psychopathy on employee attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 2015. 87: p. 8-12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.016.
Zareen, M., K. Razzaq, and B.G. Mujtaba, Impact of transactional, transformational and laissez-faire leadership styles on motivation: A quantitative study of banking employees in Pakistan. Public Organization Review, 2015. 15(4): p. 531-549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-014-0287-6.
Manik, E., The influence of transformational leadership on achievement motivation and organizational climate and employee performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2016. 6(12): p. 599-608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6- i12/2522.
Guterresa, L., A. Armanu, and R. Rofiaty, The role of work motivation as a mediator on the influence of education-training and leadership style on employee performance. Management Science Letters, 2020. 10(7): p. 1497-1504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.12.017.
John, A.G., A.I. Francis, and C.I. Innocent, Improving sales performance through sales force motivation strategies: A study of pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria. Int. J. Buss. Mgt. Eco. Res, 2012. 3(5): p. 620-626.
Sinaga, H.G., et al., Effect of change in management, organizational culture and transformational leadership on employee performance PT. AdhyaTirta Batam (PT. ATB). International Review of Management and Marketing, 2018. 8(6): p. 15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.335.
Imran, R., et al., How to boost employee performance: investigating the influence of transformational leadership and work environment in a Pakistani perspective. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2012. 11(10): p. 1455-1462.
Kammerhoff, J., O. Lauenstein, and A. Schütz, Leading toward harmony–Different types of conflict mediate how followers’ perceptions of transformational leadership are related to job satisfaction and performance. European Management Journal, 2019. 37(2): p. 210-221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.06.003.
Anderson, J.C. and D.W. Gerbing, Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 1988. 103(3): p. 411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
Ibrahim, Y. and I. Arshad, Examining the impact of product involvement, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on investment intentions of individual investors in Pakistan. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 2018. 14(4): p. 181-193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(4).2017.15.
Fornell, C. and D.F. Larcker, Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics, 18(3), 382-388. 1981, Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Chin, W.W., The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 1998. 295(2): p. 295-336.
Christian, J., et al. Virtual and mixed reality interfaces for e-training: examples of applications in light aircraft maintenance. Springer DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73283-9_58.
Al-Hila, A.A., et al., The impact of applying the dimensions of IT governance in improving e-training- case study of the ministry of telecommunications and information technology in gaza governorates. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS), 2017. 1(7): p. 194-219.
Kabassi, K. and M. Virvou, Personalised adult e-training on computer use based on multiple attribute decision making. Interacting with computers, 2004. 16(1): p. 115-132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2003.11.006.
Avolio, B.J., S. Kahai, and G.E. Dodge, E-leadership: Implications for theory, research, and practice. The leadership quarterly, 2000. 11(4): p. 615-668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048- 9843(00)00062-X.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.