THE SPACE OF ETHNONATIONAL IDENTITIES OF KAZAKHSTAN SOCIETY: PRINCIPLES AND MODELS OF STRATIFICATION
Abstract
The authors discuss the general patterns and specific features of shaping ethnocultural and national identities within the multiethnic society of contemporary Kazakhstan. For the first time in Kazakhstan’s political sociology, the issue is examined using a methodology that applies to constructing reflexive analytical social space models. They present a model of interethnic cooperation space stratification in the republic based on seven fundamentally important features. The authors analyze the singularities of the Kazakhs’ subethnic identity space during the emergence of a common Kazakhstan identity and reveal the role of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan as a unique form of institutionalized organization of civil and ethnocultural identity space.
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Chang Pi-Chun, “Going Global and Staying Local: Nation-Building Discourses in Singapore’s Cultural Policies,” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2012, p. 693.
U. Beck, D. Levy, “Cosmopolitanized Nations: Re-imagining Collectivity in World Risk Society,” Theory, Culture and Society, No. 30 (2), 2013, pp. 3-31.
S.P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996, p. 20.
See: P. Bourdieu, Sotsialnoe prostranstvo: polia i praktiki, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Moscow; Aleteyia, St. Petersburg, 2007.
M. Laruelle, Forthcoming. “The Three Repertoires of State Identity in Kazakhstan. Kazakhness, Kazakhstaness and Transnationalism,” in: Kazakhstan beyond Economic Success: Exploring Social and Cultural Changes in Eurasia, ed. by M. Laruelle, S. Peyrouse, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2015.
See: P.A. Sorokin, “Sotsialnaia i kulturnaia mobilnost,” in: P.A. Sorokin, Chelovek. Tsivilizatsia. Obshchestvo, Politizdat, Moscow, 1992, pp. 297-424.
P.L. Berger, Th. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 1966, p. 194.
See, for example: V.Yu. Dunaev, V.D. Kurganskaya, “Poniatie natsii i strategii natsionalno-gosudarstvennogo stroitelstva,” in: Sovremennye globalnye vyzovy i natsionalnye interesy: XV Mezhdunarodnye Likhachevskie nauchnye chtenia, 14-15 May, 2015, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 2015, pp. 312-315; Obshchenatsionalnaia ideia Kazakhstana: opyt filosofskogo i politologicheskogo analiza, Institute of Philosophy and Law, Ministry of Education and Science, RK, Almaty, 2006, pp. 5-11.
W. Zhuojun, H. Hualing, “National Identity in the Era of Globalization: Crisis and Reconstruction,” Social Sciences in China, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2014, p. 141.
Formirovanie Kazakhstanskoy identichnosti v kontekste zadach modernizatsii obshchestvennogo soznaniya, Book 1, Institute of Philosophy and Law, Ministry of Education and Science, RK, Almaty, 2018, p. 136.
Ibidem.
See: Formirovanie Kazakhstanskoy identichnosti…, p. 142.
See: З.К. Шәукенова, Е.Е. Бурова, Ә.Қ. Назарбетова, Қазақстан Республикасы этностық және діни топтарының азаматтық қауымдастыққа топтасуының құндылықтық-мағыналық және рухани-адамгершілік негіздері, Монография, ҚР БҒМ ҒК Философия, саясаттану және дінтану институты, Алматы, 2014, pp. 17-18 (Z.K. Shaukenova, E.E. Burova, A.K. Nazarbetova, Value-semantic and Spiritual-moral Foundations of the Consolidation of Ethnic and Religious Groups of the Republic of Kazakhstan into a Civil Community, Monograph, Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies, KN MON RK, Almaty, 2014, pp. 17-18).
See: M.S. Shaykemelev, Kazakhskaia identichnost, monograph. Ed. by Z.K. Shaukenova, Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies, KN MON RK, Almaty, 2013, p. 41.
This is caused by several processes. First, a growing share of Kazakhs in the Republic’s population, as well as the preferences extended to people with good command of the state language when it comes to key posts in the social, political, and cultural spheres.
Mankurtism, a neologism coined by famous Kyrgyz writer Chinghiz Aitmatov to define a morally inconsistent person who lost touch with his history. Shala-kazak—Kazakh by half, an individual who does not speak his native tongue (historically, this term was applied to children born into mixed families (in which one of the parents was Bashkir, Nogai, etc.); nagyz kazak—true Kazakh.
See: M.S. Shaykemelev, op. cit., p. 159.
See: Ibid., p. 153.
A.C. Diener, “Problematic Integration of Mongolian-Kazakh Return Migrants in Kazakhstan,” Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 46, No. 6, 2005, p. 466.
Ibid., p. 471.
Ibid., p. 468.
See: “Freedom in the World 2015: Kazakhstan,” Freedom House, 11 October, 2015, available at [https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2015#.VhrB93pVhBc], 17 July, 2019.
See: E. Schatz, “The Soft Authoritarian Tool Kit: Agenda-Setting Power in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan,” Comparative Politics, No. 41 (2), 2009, pp. 203-222.
See: K.M. Rees, N.W. Williams, “Explaining Kazakhstani Identity: Supraethnic Identity, Ethnicity, Language, and Citizenship,” 2016, available at [https://www.academia.edu/28507832/Explaining_Kazakhstani_Identity_Supraethnic_identity_ethnicity_language_and_citizenship], 15 July, 2019, p. 13.
See: Ibid., p. 36.
See: Ibid., p. 14.
In Western countries, the transfer to the policy of multiculturalism was accompanied by the creation of all sorts of institutional forms of support for associations of ethnocultural minorities, special services, and programs. In many countries, however, there are no special state institutions designed to regulate ethnic relationships, which is also nothing of the ordinary. In some polyethnic states, there are state structures for the affairs of nationalities, national politics, multiculturalism, etc. Such is, for example, the Ministry for Multiculturalism and the Canadian Consultative Council on Multiculturalism (later renamed Ethnocultural Council) set up by the Federal Government of Canada in 1973.
Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 148 28.12.2015 “Ob utverzhdenii Kontseptsii razvitia Assamblei Kazakhstana do 2025 goda,” available at [http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U1500000148], 17 July, 2019.
K.M. Rees, N.W. Williams, op. cit., p. 4.
S. Stirner, “Questioning Multiculturalism, 2012,” available at [http://www.metamodernism.com/2012/03/28/liberal-multiculturalism-and-the-metanarrative-trap/], 14 July, 2019.
Doctrine of the National Unity of Kazakhstan, available at [http://www.kazakhstan-bern.ch/en/?page_id=426].
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