THE CIVILIARCHIC FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL DEMOCRATIZATION IN ARMENIA
Abstract
Today comparative political science treats political democratization in the Soviet successor-states as one of its central problems. We need to analyze it in order to comprehend the state of society and the health of the state as a whole. If resolved, this problem will provide us with the key to a much better understanding of the functioning of social laws in different situations, democratic modernization of the post-totalitarian states (the correlation among their political interests, behavior, and the activities of all sorts of institutions, groups, and leaders), and the meaning of national/transnational policies. Political science2 has already elaborated all sorts of models of the democratization of political regimes, however, in practice, many problems of the development of deliberative processes and the politics based on them, the emergence of national polyarchy and the dynamics of the transformations in post-communist regimes are proceeding in a contradictory and ambiguous way.
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References
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For more detail, see: N.A. Baranov, “Politicheskiy rezhim sovremennoy Rossii,” Izvestia Rossiiskogo gosudarst-vennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Herzena, Vol. 8, No. 35, 2007, pp. 54-64; Yu. Matsievskiy, “Politicheskiy rezhim Ukrainy posle ‘oranzhevoy revolutsii,’”Politicheskaia ekspertiza: POLITEKS, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2008,pp. 18-40; N. Lapina, “Rossiiskiy politicheskiy rezhim: ot-senki i interpretatsii,” Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarod-nye otnoshenia, No. 6, 2009, pp. 17-30; R.F. Turovskiy, Regionalnye politicheskie rezhimy v Rossii: k metodologii analiza,” Polis, No. 2, 2009, pp. 77-95; E. Pain, “The Polit-ical Regime in Russia in the 2000s. Special Features, Inherited and Acquired,” Russian Politics and Law, M.E. Sharpe,Vol. 49, No. 3, 2011; M.G. Tirskikh, “Sovremennye pod-khody k ponimaniiu politicheskogo rezhima: analiz v svete iuridicheskogo i politologicheskogo znania,” Akadem-icheskiy iuridicheskiy zhurnal, No. 3 (33), 2008, pp. 4-11;T.L. Karl, Ph. Schmitter, “Demokratizatsiia: kontsepty, postulaty, gipotezy,” Polis, No. 4, 2004, pp. 8-9, and others.
Civiliarchy (from Lat. civil and Gr. archy)—civil power, civil governance, civil control. Civiliarchy isused to de-note civil power based on civilized mechanisms and principles which ensur civil control over power. In this case, polit-ical regimes can be described either as civiliarchic and non- (anti-) civiliarchic (see: A.S. Alexanian, “Grazhdanskoe ob-shchestvo: tsivilitsentrizm i tsivilitet,” available at [http://www.espi.ru/Content/Conferences/Papers2006/2006razd1/
leksanyan.htm] ).
M. Foucault, Beyond Structuralization and Hermeneutics, Chicago, 1982, p. 219.
B.N. Chicherin, Sobstvennost i gosudarstvo, Moscow, 1883, Part 2, p. 332.
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M. Weber, “Politics as a Vacation,” available at [http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/jbell/weber.pdf].
See: N. Luhmann, Vlast (Trust and Power), Moscow, 2001, pp. 135-150.
A.Yu. Melvil, “Stanovlenie transnatsionalnoy politicheskoy sredy i ‘volny’ demokratizatsii,” in: Sovremennye mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia i mirovaya politika, ed. by A.V. Torkunov, Moscow, 2005, p. 127.
See: R.A. Dahl, “Patterns of Opposition,” in: Political Oppositions in Western Democracies, Yale University Press,New Haven, London, 1966, p. 342; D. Held, Models of Democracy, Stanford, 1996; V. Gelman, “The Extinction of Polit-ical Opposition in Russia,” available at [http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/pm_0340.pdf]; T.L. Karl, Ph. Schmitter, op. cit.,pp. 6-27; T.P Lebedeva, “Liberalnaia demokratia kak orientir dlia posttotalitarnykh preobrazovaniy,” Polis, No. 2, 2004,pp. 76-84; A.Yu. Melvil, “O traektoriiakh postkommunisticheskikh transfromatsiy,” Polis, No. 2, 2004, pp. 64-75; D. Rustow,
Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3, April 1970, pp. 337-363;E. Pain, op. cit.
D. Held has formulated seven versions of legitimization: acceptance under coercion; legitimacy by force of tradition; acceptance of apathy; pragmatic acquiescence; instrumental acceptance; normative agreement; ideal normative agreement (see: D. Held, op. cit., p. 249).
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S. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press,1993, p. 13.
“Habermas on Capitalism and Citizenship,” available at [http://www.jasondmacleod.com/?p=124].
R. Aron, Demokratia i totalitarizm (Democracy and Totalitarianism), Moscow, 1993, p. 46; S. Huntington, op. cit.,p. 210; R. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, London, 1989, p. 172; A.Yu. Melvil, Stanovlenie transnationally politicheskoy sredy…”, p. 127; F. Zakaria, “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1997.
M.S. Gorbachev, Perestroika i novoe myshlenie dlia nashey strany i dlia vsego mira, Moscow, 1987, p. 27.
Ibidem.
Ibid., p. 28.
For more detail, see: S. Vratsian, Respublika Armenia, Tehran, 1982, pp. 153-263; Ruben, Vospominaniia armi-anskogo revolutsionera, Erevan, Vol. 7, 1990, pp. 125-126, and others.
See: N. Adontz, Armyanskiy vopros, Erevan, 1996, p. 167.
R. Aron, Demokratiia i totalitarizm, p. 46.
On 17 September, 1990, the following deputy groups were set up in the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian S.S.R.:
rtsakhi kanch (26 deputies) and Azgaynakan (31 deputies); on 6 March, 1991, the Communist (25 members) and Republic (21 members) deputy groups were formed; on 28 November, 1991, the National Democrats group was set up with 10 mem-bers (see: [http://www.parliament.am]).
D.A. Rustow, op. cit., p. 362.
There was also the Reforms deputy group (31 deputies) in the National Assembly; 21 deputies preferred to remain outside any faction or group. Later the Erkrapa deputy group with 17 members appeared (see [http://www.parliament.am]).
G.A. Pogossian, Armianskoe obshchestvo v transformatsii, Erevan, 2003, p. 165.
S. Huntington, op. cit., p. 210.
See: G.A. Pogossian, op. cit., p. 184.
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