Political and socio-economics reforms of Kassym Tokayev from 2019 to 2021
Keywords:
Kassym Tokayev, reforms, society, participation, Republic of Kazakhstan.Abstract
The fundamental expectation of Kazakh society from the authorities after the collapse of the USSR was to overcome the economic crisis and build a solid foundation for undisturbed development. Hence, the domestic policy of the first president Nursultan Nazarbayev focused primarily on economic issues. Attracting foreign capital and increasing the price of oil improved the macroeconomic situation, thus making it possible to satisfy physiological and security needs. Political efforts to integrate all ethnicity under the banner of an independent Kazakhstan partially satisfied the need for belonging. The provision of these three basic needs according to Maslow's pyramid contributed to the intensification of social aspirations, manifested by an increase in the desire of the population to participate in socio-political life. President Nazarbayev, as a politician who was shaped by the Soviet system, could not imagine the possibility of sharing power with society. This led to growing social discontent and, combined with the economic crisis, could have led to the outbreak of protests. Awareness of his own limitations led to his resignation as president after twenty-eight years in office.
As his successor, he appointed the long-time foreign minister Kassym Jomart- Tokayev. Tokayev, in order to meet the expectations of the people of Kazakhstan, declared readiness to carry out reforms already during the election campaign. In his program, he abandoned the slogan of Nazarbayev first the economy in favor of changes in politics and the economy must run parallel. The main slogan of the new policy became the increase of participation in political and social life of the country, desired by the society.
The main objective of the article is to determine the actual translation of reforms undertaken by Kassym Jomart-Tokayev in 2019-2021 on increasing public participation in the socio-political life of the state. An important aspect is also to determine the level of compatibility between the declared assumptions and their implementation. Low compatibility of the implemented transformations with social demands became one of the reasons for the outbreak of protests in January 2021.
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